1 min read 149 words Updated Sep 05, 2026 Created Sep 05, 2026
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First Council of Constantinople (381)

Background

Key figures

What was condemned

Macedonianism / Pneumatomachianism (denial of the Holy Spirit's full divinity); remaining Arian factions (Anomoeans, Eunomians)

What was defined

Full divinity of the Holy Spirit; completed the Nicene Creed into its present (Nicene-Constantinopolitan) form

Aftermath and reception

Primary sources

Reading notes